This is a way to copy small portions of DNA in a test-tube. It is used when the DNA sample is impure, because when this is the case this method copies strands more quickly than cloning could.
What is the process of PCR?
First the DNA is heated so that the strands separate. Then the DNA is cooled so that primers designed to adhere to certain portions of the strand attach to their complementary strand. Once the temperature is raised only slightly this time polymerase binds and new DNA is synthesized this marks the end of cycle one. Cycle two starts by heating and denaturing the newly formed DNA strands. Primers bind to all four strands once the temp has cooled and then new strands are formed again. This same cycle continues forming more DNA molecules and the more cycles the higher percentage of the molecules are of the desired portion of DNA.
What are GMOs and how do they relate to our everyday lives?
This is a genetically modified organism this can either be through artificial selection or even using genes from another species. These organisms whether animals or plants are often used for food. Most of the agriculture in the US is made of GMOs but it is not required that they are labeled as such. In other countries especially European ones these foods have been banned because many are concerned that since they are not natural they also aren’t healthy to consume. Some are also concerned that these organisms will take a toll on the environment and crossbreed with the natural versions of similar organisms.
Facts:
-Scientists are using stem cells to research regulatory genes and various diseases since stem cells are sort of a blank slate cell.
- Totipotent cells are mature cells that can go back to an un-differentiated state and then become different specialized cells
- Scientists are now able to clone entire organisms as well as single cells
- Gel electrophoresis measures the size and charges of different dna sequences because they arrange themselves differently within the gel based on these factors
- A genomic library is the complete set of plasmid containing cell clones each containing segments from the original genome.
This is the process of magnifying a small bit of DNA as describes in questions one and two. The process of denaturing and recombining to duplicate a selected portion of the strand over and over until it is more accurate.
Summary: DNA cloning and other DNA technologies are used to study genomes and develop new products and possibly studying diseases. Eukaryotic DNA can be cloned within a bacterial plasmid by splicing it and then inserting the strand of DNA wanted then the cell clones itself making more copies of the strand. DNA is analyzed through methods such as gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, and analyzing gene expression and function. Cloning and other DNA technologies have uses in the medical field, in crime scene investigation, environmental cleanup and even creating new organisms for food sources.
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