Plant cells have a cell wall that helps keep the plant cell in a more solid shape both types of cells have a cytoskeleton plant cells just have this extra structure because animal cells need more mobility. Along with the cell wall plant cells have pasmodesmata, which helps their walls to attach to the walls of other cells. Plant cells also have chloroplasts, which animal cells don’t contain. A vacuole is also very common in plant cells this does the job lysosomes usually do in a animal cell. Thus a plant cell lacks lysosomes and animal cells lack a central vacuole. Animal cells usually have a flagellum, which enables them to propel themselves. Animal cells also contain a centrosome, which produces microtubules.
What is the Cytoskeleton composed of and why is it important to the cell?
The cytoskeleton is made out of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton helps a cell maintain its shape, enables it to move, and aids in cell division. Microtubules are tubes like structures made from the protein tubulin this supports cell shape, separate chromosomes during cell division, and create a track so that organelles can move along it. Microfilaments are rod like structures formed from the protein actin responsible for the gel consistency of outer cytoplasmic layer. Intermediate Filaments are cable-like made from various proteins depending on the type of cell. The help keep certain organelles in place such as the nucleus.
What major cell structures produce energy for the cell?
The mitochondria are one of the most important structures in a eukaryotic cell. A cell can have one central mitochondrion or many mitochondria. It has a double membrane the inner membrane folds in on itself multiple times so that is has more surface area for respiration to occur. Enzyme and ATP reactions within the structure produce energy for the cell. In Plant cells chloroplast are extremely important for the production of energy. Chloroplasts convert sunlight into sugar in the cell. Peroxisomes also produce energy they are singularly membrane bound. They take the hydrogen out of certain compounds and combine it with oxygen forming hydrogen peroxide. This is used to break molecules down that then can be made into energy.
Facts:
- SEM is an electron microscope that scans the surface of a specimen
- TEM is an electron microscope that goes through a specimen (must be dead)
- Lysosomes are used to digest things in the cell
- The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER and package them for use within the cell
- The Nucleus is the brain of the cell
This shows the structures within flagella and cilia. These projections grow out of animal cells and they help the cell to move. They grow out of the cytoskeleton of a cell and increase surface area. There is usually only one flagella and it moves in a snake like manner. If a cell has cilia it typically has several of them they move back and forth and also aid cell mobility.
Summary:
In order to see the details of cell structure we use light or electron microscopes. Electron microscopes show the cell in more detail. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells differ in that prokaryotic cells are much simpler and lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotic cells are also typically larger. Plant and animal cells share most of the same organelles (see question 1) since they are both Eukaryotic.
The nucleus is the brain of the cell and its is enclosed in the nuclear envelope. The nucleus contains the DNA of the cell. Ribosomes are subunits of proteins some of them are free in the cell and other are in the ER. ER is composed of smooth ER and Rough ER. Smooth ER aids in metabolism. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and therefore synthesizes proteins. The Golgi Apparatus functions as the packaging center of materials made by the ER. Lysosomes contain enzymes and are used as digestion centers. A vacuole serves the same function as the lysosome but it is only present in plant cells. Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes provided energy sources for the cell. The cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape and aid it in moving without falling apart as well as reproduction.
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